Rapid development of economy simultaneously causes industrial pollution. Based on the urban panel data in Yangtze River Delta region from 2010 to 2017, the comprehensive index of industrial pollution is established to evaluate the degree of urban industrial pollution by means of the entropy method, and then the LMDI multiplicative model is used to decompose the driving effects of the comprehensive index of industrial pollution into effect of economic scale, effect of economic structure, and strength and efficiency effects of investment in pollution treatment. Finally, the potentials of emission mitigation of industrial pollution in various cities are calculated. The results show that there is spatial distribution differences in the comprehensive index of industrial pollution in various cities in Yangtze River Delta region, further the differences gradually increase during the period from 2010 to 2017. The economic growth and the optimization of economic structure are respectively the primary and secondary factors for the increase of the comprehensive index of industrial pollution. The efficiency and strength effects of investment in pollution treatment are the primary and secondary factors for the restriction of the comprehensive index of industrial pollution.