Owing to its status of water shortage, endowment of water resources and spatial differences of water use in recent years, the fair allocation of water resources in Jiangsu Province of China is of great significance for playing a supporting role of water in economy and society and promoting the balanced development among various regions. From the perspective of society and economy, the fairness of allocation of water resources in Jiangsu Province is analyzed by means of the method of Gini coefficient and Theil index. The results show that from 2013 to 2017, the allocation of water resources in Jiangsu Province is relatively fair from the perspective of society, and the population and water resources are basically coordinated. However, from the perspective of economy, the allocation of water resources in Jiangsu Province is not fair to some extent. The water consumption and GDP have a relatively lower matching degree, and this unfairness is mainly caused by the differences of water use among three regions. Finally, some countermeasures and suggestions are put forward to improve the fairness of allocation of water resources in Jiangsu Province, including strengthening the unified management of water resources, giving priority to meet people's domestic water use, reasonably arranging water use for economic production, and improving control target of water use.