Simulated water quality remediation experiments are conducted in the laboratory by collecting urban inland water samples, adopting such technologies as aeration, carbon source addition, biological inoculation and comprehensive repair respectively. Parameters of water quality, diversity and abundance of the microorganisms were regarded as appraisal indicators so as to analyze the remediation effects of different restoration technologies on urban river water quality and its influence on the microbial community structure of river. It was indicated that aeration, bacteria agent and comprehensive repair technologies could enhance the structural diversity of microbial community, with microbial community mainly taking the form of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia. In addition, the diversity of river microorganisms decreased obviously with the carbon source addition technology, and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria reached 93%. In the aspect of water quality remediation, aeration technology and biological inoculation technology could only reduce the mass concentration of COD in water, but could not reduce the mass concentration of TN and NH⁺₄-N. Carbon source addition and integrated remediation technology had obvious effects on removal of TN and NH⁺₄-N in water, but the mass concentration of COD in river water with carbon source addition rose significantly. The results of correlation analysis showed that COD and DO were the main environmental factors affecting the structure of water microbial community.