Since the reform and opening up of new China, the practice of poverty alleviation has experienced two main stages, including development poverty alleviation and targeted poverty alleviation, which shows obvious “executiveguided” characteristics and follows the logic of “developmentalism” with significant achievements in poverty alleviation. It is expected that by the end of 2020, all povertystricken people based on current standards will completely overcome poverty and absolute poverty will be totally eliminated. After 2020, China will step into the “postpoverty era”, the relative poverty is obvious and the vulnerable groups such as the elderly, women, children, the handicapped and so on will be the main poverty groups. Meanwhile, aging, illness, learning and disabilities will become the main causes of poverty, so that the executive-guided “developmentalism” poverty reduction logic will lose efficiency, and the particularism poverty relief approach of “low-level guarantee temporary help” will be unable to solve the fundamental problem of poverty causation. The effective poverty alleviation in the “post-poverty era” must be turned to welfare governance under the logic of “new developmentalism”. Under the “cooperation of three parties” of the government, market and society, a formal and informal social support network for vulnerable and disadvantaged groups shall be established through universal welfare provision as well as perfect social security so as to ultimately achieve fundamental poverty governance via comprehensive and effective social protection.