At present, China’s population aging is serious and the education structure is not well matched with the industrial structure, which may affect the highquality development and the construction of modern industrial system. Then, the paper discusses the impact of age structure and education structure on the optimization of industrial structure from the perspective of mechanism and demonstration. The results indicate that when the spatial spillover factor is not considered, the increase in the proportion of labor force may help to reduce the structural deviation and promote the advanced industrial structure. Also the impact of the proportion of the elderly population on the advanced industrial structure shows regional differences. The increase in the proportion of higher education has a negative effect on the degree of deviation of the industrial structure and the impact on the higher level of the industrial structure is positive. And the impact of the proportion of secondary education on the degree of deviation and the higher level of industrial structure shows regional differences. When considering the space overflow factor, the spatial spillover effect of the degree of deviation of the industrial structure in the central region is positive, indicating that the rationalization of the industrial structure in neighboring provinces may lead to the rationalization of the local industrial structure. Also the degree of deviation from the industrial structure in the western region has a negative spatial spillover effect, and the advanced industrial structure has a positive spatial spillover effect, indicating that the optimization of the industrial structure in the neighboring provinces is conducive to the optimization of the local industrial structure.