In an era of ageing with fewer children, the role of the government in the old-age security system continues to change, while intergenerational and old-age responsibilities continue to evolve, heterogeneity within older groups continues to emerge and the ageing trend is difficult to reverse. Against this backdrop, the pension system is in a state of continuous evolution, while on the other hand, there are problems such as the persistent absence of welfare recipients and recipients in the design and improvement of the pension system, the redundancy and complexity of pension policies, the neglect of pension system construction costs, and urban-rural and regional differences. Therefore, it is necessary to actively address the challenges of ageing through rational guidance of expectations, promoting the recovery of the low fertility rate, gradually extending the retirement age, transferring and urbanizing the rural population, establishing a sound basic pension insurance and basic medical insurance system covering the entire population, clarifying the content and service providers of pension services, improving the mechanism of cooperation and division of labor within the family, and implementing smart pensions.