The modernization of Chinese-style rural governance is an important component of the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. In the new journey of building a socialist modernized country in an all-round way, accelerating the modernization of Chinese-style rural governance helps to comprehensively promote the rural revitalization strategy and inject strong impetus into the realization of the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. The transformation of rural social modernization in our country faces multiple challenges, such as the ambiguity of governance subject authority, the complexity and diversity of governance content, and the rigid formalization of governance methods. In order to achieve innovative rural governance mechanisms that are consistent with the theory of Chinese-style modernization, the PDCA cycle theory is applied to establish a Chinese-style rural modernization governance framework with “status analysis, mechanism construction, mechanism evaluation, and mechanism improvement” as the main line. In the planning phase, the functional structure of the modern governance subject, which involves the coordinated participation of the Party committee, the government, social organizations, and villagers, is defined. Governance innovation is promoted based on the “one construction, five governance” model. In the implementation phase, efforts are made to optimize the grassroots system structure, industrial development layout, and concentrated construction layout to create a “red engine” for Party building. Through platform construction, reshaping order, trust mechanisms, and leadership coordination, a multi-level resource support and guarantee mechanism is formed. At the same time, a differentiated adjustment mechanism for rural modernization governance is established. In the inspection and handling phase, the application of performance evaluation results feedback is strengthened, and the perspective of public participation is included. The dual evaluation path of top-down and bottom-up is adhered to, in order to meet the needs of rural residents for a better life. In combination with the implementation of the Chinese-style rural modernization governance framework, it is proposed to continue to promote diversified and coordinated governance at the rural grassroots level, correctly handle internal social contradictions, and solidly enhance governance effectiveness through the integration of the “five governance”.