The equalization of basic public services is a key tool and an expression of the fulfillment of common prosperity in China, which is still grappling with the issues of relative poverty and marginalized groups living in poverty. However, there is an inconsistency in the “allocation-provision-delivery-financing” system in the systematic construction of public services, and fairness, empowerment, and sustainability are not fully reflected. The move from public services to universal basic services is now a trend in the welfare reform process in western welfare countries, and this has significant implications for China’s development of public services under the objective of common prosperity. The distributional core of shared needs and collective responsibility, supply renewal of service expansion and direct satisfaction, delivery optimization of structural optimization and governance effectiveness, and financial upgrading of economic empowerment and sustainable growth are all highlighted by universal basic services. The logical relationship between universal basic service and common prosperity is one of homogeneity of distribution value, homogeneity of supply content, unity of service delivery, and consistency of financing rights and responsibilities. The universal basic service strategy is also rooted in common prosperity and has a strong basis in science. By methodically implementing the universal basic service plan, the current deficiency of basic public services can be successfully addressed in the development of common prosperity. The establishment of a system for distributing universal basic services based on shared needs, a progressive continuum of service delivery, a specialized and decentralized service delivery system, and a financial mechanism that is complementary to the dichotomy of public finance and public charity are the steps necessary to achieve this goal.