As artificial intelligence technologies become increasingly embedded in everyday life, older adults are facing heightened risks of digital exclusion. Focusing on the interaction between older adults and intelligent voice assistants, this study constructs a multidimensional analytical framework encompassing embodied experience, intergenerational interaction, and social construction. It systematically reveals the generative logic and dynamic evolution of digital exclusion risks among the elderly. The findings suggest that such exclusion is not a result of mere resource scarcity, but rather the outcome of intersecting mechanisms: ranging from bodily and psychological constraints, systemic barriers and discursive regulation, to technological mediation and power delegation within families. These dynamics illustrate a shift from micro-level experiences to structural exclusion. To address this challenge, the study proposes three strategic responses: strengthening older adults’ digital identity and expanding their capability boundaries; promoting institutional and platform-level age-friendly transformations to curb structural risks at the source; and reconfiguring family-based empowerment strategies to activate the potential of intergenerational collaboration.