Quantifying the driving factors of the change of water consumption in various provinces is conducive to promoting the implementation of the dual-control action of consumption quantity and intensity of water resources and the establishment of water-saving society in China. According to the economic growth rate and water consumption growth rate, 31 provinces in China are divided into four groups. The change of water consumption isdecomposed as the intensity and efficiency of investment and the scales of economy and population by using the logarithmic mean Divisia index. The research results show that there are relatively large differences between the changes of water consumption of different groups and provinces and their driving factors. Also, the dominant factor and the secondary factor of the water consumption growth are the economic growth and the expansion of population, while those of the water consumption control are the improvement of investment efficiency and the decline of investment intensity. Therefore, all the provinces need to establish specific and practical policies for water conservation, promote high-quality development, enhance water-saving consciousness of the public, accelerate green investment and upgrade and optimize industrial structures so as to achieve the goal of the dual-control action.