Taking the 13 cities in Jiangsu Province as the research object, the DEA-Malmquist model is used to calculate the agricultural water efficiency and total factor productivity index during the period from 2010 to 2017, and then the spatial distribution pattern and time-space evolution trend are analyzed. The results show that the overall agricultural water efficiency in Jiangsu Province is not effective, and the differences are obvious in different regions, indicating the descending pattern of south, north and middle regions of Jiangsu Province. The agricultural water efficiency increases in Jiangsu Province, including every cities and in each period, mainly relying on the technological progress effects, and in terms of growth rate, there is a descending order of south, north and middle regions of Jiangsu Province. The pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency are in recession, and they limit the growth of total factor productivity. In the future, inter-regional cooperation should be strengthened, technological investment should be increased, and the technical efficiency should be improved.