Using the slack based measure(SBM)super based measure, the rice production water use efficiency in 23 provinces from 2004 to 2014 was analyzed and its influencing factors was discussed by Tobit model. The results showed that the production water use efficiency in many provinces under the constraint of pollution emission did not reach the production frontier. The rice production water use efficiency in different regions varied greatly and showed a rising trend. The rice production water use efficiency in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River was the highest, which was the lowest in North China for many years. The annual rice production water use efficiency in the northeast and southwest regions fluctuated greatly. The per capital net income of rural residents, proportion of rice sown area, and rice mechanization level had a significant positive effect on the rice production water use efficiency. And the water resources abundance, farmland water conservancy facilities and water-saving agriculture development level had no significant effect on the rice production water use efficiency.