The water resources utilization data including total water use, agricultural water use, industrial water use, and domestic water use and economic-social data including population and GDP of five Central Asia countries in 1997, 2002, 2007, and 2014 were calculated by using a calculation method of matching degree based on the data sequence. The matching degree between water resource utilization and economic-social development in Central Asia countries was calculated in time and space. The results indicate that: overall, from 1997 to 2014, the time matching degree between water resource utilization and economic-social development in Central Asia increases first and then decreases; in space, the matching degree of water resource utilization and economic-social development in Central Asia is Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan from large to small; the matching degree between water resource utilization and GDP is slightly higher than that between water resource utilization and population. The matching degree between industrial water use and economic-social development is slightly higher than that between other water use and economic-social development.