In order to effectively promote the research on the mechanism and influence of disasters caused by extreme drought events, this study provides an overview of scientific literatures regarding the evolution of extreme drought-induced disasters and relevant long-term influences on ecological environment based on the review and prospect of extreme drought disasters. It is pointed out that the major problem and weak link of current researches mainly include insufficient focus on extreme droughts, coarse quantification of drought disaster chains and concurrent evolution of multiple disasters, and deficient research on the long-term effects of extreme drought on nutrient cycling and ecological process. It is found that the overall research framework for the mechanism and influence of extreme drought-induced disasters has not been established and the corresponding research and technical systems are far from formation. It is suggested that the future research should more focus on the deep chain structure and complex energy transfer of extreme drought-induced disasters, so as to effectively reveal the mechanism of extreme drought-induced disasters and concurrent evolution of multiple disasters, and to further illuminate the multifold impacts of extreme droughts on hydro-ecological process and land surface environment.