In order to deeply understand the influence mechanism of urbanization on hydrological processes and water environment, the research results achieved on hydrological effects of urbanization in China and other countries were summarized from three aspects: hydrological cycle, rainstorm flooding and waterlogging, and water environment. The research methods and technical systems about hydrological response to urbanization were outlined, and the solutions for mitigating effects of urbanization on hydrological response at home and abroad were investigated. Finally, the key major fields of future research were proposed, including mechanism analysis for the effect of urbanization on hydrological response, construction of urban hydrological monitoring systems and smart water resources systems, and the establishment of perfect emergency management mechanism. It will provide theoretical support for mitigating the effects of urbanization on hydrological response.