Based on Zunyi City Statistical Yearbook and Zunyi City Water Resources Bulletin from 2011 to 2020, the multi-factor entropy weight method is used to determine the weight of each index system for the level of water resources carrying capacity and the level of urban economic and social development. The coupling coordination degree model of water resources carrying capacity and urban economic and social development level, which can reflect multiple factors such as society, economy, population, water quantity, water quality and so on, is established to analyze the spatial coupling and coordination relationship of water resources carrying capacity and urban economic and social development level between current urban area and planned urban area of Zunyi City. The results show that the current and planned urban areas of Zunyi City, the spatial-temporal coupling coordination degree between its water resources carrying capacity and the urban economic and social development level shows an overall upward trend from 2011 to 2020. The influence of the economic and social development level on the temporal coupling coordination degree is obvious in the current urban area, and the northward expansion of the planned urban area further strengthens the economic layout, which reduces the level of economic and social development. The coupling coordination degree with the level of urban economic and social development has obvious spatial differences in the development process and the difference is gradually narrowing with a pattern of “strong south and weak north”, indicating that the economic and social development has a high demand for water resources. In the south, the future economic layout can be gradually moved northward and eastward, and continue to implement a strict water resource management system, optimize the water resource allocation, alleviate water shortages and other problems, and ensure sustainable economic and social development.