To explore the pollution distribution, source and degree of the Huaihe River sedimentary, 16 sections along the midstream and downstream of the Huaihe River were sampled in July 2014. Then, the total phosphorus(TP)and heavy metals(As, Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn)in the sediments were analyzed to explore the distribution of contaminants, source and pollution status. The results showed that the average content of pollutants in the downstream sections of main cities was higher than that of the upstream. The analysis of pollutant sources showed that all pollutants were affected by the point source pollution, while TP and Cu were polluted by both the point source pollution and non-point source pollution. The standard index method of a single factor was applied to evaluate the phosphorus pollution in the sediments. The results indicated that the environmental quality of sediments in the Huaihe River was less polluted by the phosphorus. The analysis on the potential ecological risk of heavy metals showed that both the ecological risk of the single heavy metal and the comprehensive ecological risk were slight.