Quantitative evaluation of the ecological vulnerability for the Tarim River Basin(TRB)in Xinjiang from 2005 to 2015 was achieved through the combination of the Pressure-State-Response(PSR)model and the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process(FAHP). The distribution and dynamics of ecological vulnerability over the decade were analyzed after the establishment of evaluation system. The results show that the ecological vulnerability in the TRB during the time of 2005-2015 is at Heavy level Ⅲ with the average value of 0. 538, and shows a continuously rising trend. The ecological vulnerability synthetic index(EVSI), based on the different levels of ecological vulnerability over the time, has a minimum of 1. 14 in 2005 as well as a maximum of 3. 69 in 2015, and increases significantly with a fluctuation after reaching a peak of 3. 07 in 2009. In addition, the ecological vulnerability in this basin displays a noticeable spatial distribution, which are strongly vulnerable areas mainly in the east with significantly increasing vulnerability and lightly vulnerable areas in the west at the transition stage of increase.