In order to study the influence of bridge deck structure and bridge deck pavement on the mechanical properties of orthotropic steel bridge deck, a reasonable structure was established. The longitudinal stiffeners of the trapezoid and rectangular cross sections were combined with a variety of notch forms to form the orthotropic steel bridge panel structure system, and then, asphalt concrete pavements of different thickness and elastic modulus were laid on the bridge. The finite element solid model of asphalt concrete pavement was established to apply loading. The influence of the cross-section shape of longitudinal stiffener, the gap form, the elastic modulus and thickness of the pavement layer on the mechanical properties of orthotropic steel bridge deck was calculated and analyzed by the finite element method. The results show that if the gap between the stiffeners is small, the force performance of bridge deck can be obviously improved. The stiffener B has better stress performance with less material. The notch I and notch III should be selected rationally, and the notch III needs to be optimized. The stress of the connection between the top plate and the longitudinal rib is high, and the mechanical property is sensitive. Moreover, the elastic modulus and thickness of the paving layer should be designed in a comprehensive way, in order to make the steel bridge deck have the best mechanical performance.