A long-distance and large-flow water conveyance project is selected as a study case, and effects of the diameter of impedance hole on the water hammer protection and the minimum surge are systematically analyzed under two layouts, which are single throttled surge chamber and series throttled surge chambers. The results show that for the single throttled surge chamber scheme, through changing the diameter of the impedance hole of the surge chamber, the water hammer pressure can be reduced, the minimum surge in the surge chamber can be increased, and the surge chamber area can be effectively reduced. Compared with the single surge chamber scheme, the effect of the series throttled surge chambers is better, for it can increase the minimum pressure along the pipeline and the minimum surge, significantly reduce the total area of the surge chambers, and all the surge chambers have optimal impedance apertures.