Fine management can effectively ensure the safe, healthy and efficient operation of water conservancy projects, which is the inevitable trend of the development of water conservancy projects. However, there is a common problem of knowledge and practice deviation in the implementation of fine management of water conservancy projects. From the perspective of knowledge and practice conversion, on the basis of sorting out the characteristics of fine management of water conservancy projects, this paper explores the causes of the deviation of knowledge and practice conversion in the fine management of water conservancy projects from the individual and organizational levels, and analyzes the internal mechanism of the transformation of knowledge and practice by using the theory of motivation and the theory of planned behavior, following the logic of “influencing factors of behavior intention-behavior intention-behavior”, and constructs the overall framework of the fine management promotion mechanism of water conservancy projects integrating interests, incentive constraints, evaluation and synergy mechanisms, and discusses the operation of the four mechanisms by combining with the characteristics of the water conservancy project management system. The results show that the interest mechanism is the internal driving force for the transformation of knowledge and action in refined management, and the operation content mainly includes the collection and processing of interest appeal information, the satisfaction of reasonable interest claims, and the guidance and debugging of reasonable interests of all parties. The incentive and constraint mechanism is the external driving force for the transformation of knowledge and action of refined management, and due to the top-down administrative promotion of refined management, its operation mode needs to be considered from both the organizational and individual levels.The evaluation mechanism is the precursor of the incentive and constraint mechanism, and it is also the external driving force for the transformation of refined management knowledge and action. The main content of operation includes two parts: result or effect port and management element port. The synergy mechanism is an important guaranteefor the transformation of refined management knowledge and action, including external government-industry-university-research collaboration and internal “three comprehensive education” collaboration.