To explore the level of resilience of water resource systems in the Yangtze River Basin and improvement pathways, this paper uses the framework of the “pressure-state-response” model to set the indicators for evaluating the resilience of water resources systems, and analyzes the changes in the resilience of water resources systems in 11 provinces and cities in the Yangtze River Basin from 2008 to 2019 and their impact characteristics. The results show that the resilience of water resources systems in the Yangtze River Basin as a whole and in each province and city from 2008 to 2019 is generally on the rise, with Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan and Anhui being mainly pressure-driven, Shanghai being mainly state-driven, Yunnan, Guizhou and Zhejiang being mainly response-driven, and Chongqing, Sichuan and Jiangsu being multiple alternating-driven. The stress-state-state-toughness variation is mainly state-driven in Shanghai, response-driven in Yunnan, Guizhou and Zhejiang, and multiple alternating-driven in Chongqing, Sichuan and Jiangsu. It is recommended that the resilience of water resources be strengthened at the Yangtze River basin planning level and that a joint mechanism for regional resilience enhancement should be formed, so that the level of water security in the Yangtze River Basin can be jointly ensured in terms of basin planning, regional cooperation and implementation of measures.