In order to study the anti-seismic capacity of asphalt concrete core wall dams, taking the Niya Reservoir in Xinjiang as an example, the dynamic characteristics of dam materials were analyzed by large-scale triaxial apparatus dynamic modulus damping ratio and permanent deformation test, and the seismic response of dam body was analyzed by using equivalent linear viscoelastic model and hyperbolic residual deformation model of Dalian Institute of Technology. The results show that the maximum dynamic shear modulus of sand gravel and transition material is 4% to 11% higher than that of rockfill material, and the maximum damping ratio of rockfill material is 4% to 14% higher than that of sand gravel and transition material. The maximum dynamic shear modulus of asphalt concrete increases with the increase of confining pressure and consolidation ratio. During the earthquake dynamic response, the maximum displacement, acceleration and maximum permanent deformation of the dam body occur at the dam crest, and the maximum displacement along the river is 0.042m with the maximum acceleration of 4.98m/s2. The upstream and downstream soils of the dam may cause tensile stress failure along the river, the maximum permanent deformation of the core wall occurs at the top of the dam, and the maximum settlement of the dam body is 0.035m higher than that of the core wall, showing strong coordinated deformation ability of the dam body and the core wall. According to the research, the gold rimming silver structure of the Niya asphalt concrete core wall dam has good seismic performance.