In order to study the effect of mineral admixtures on the compressive properties of steam-cured concrete, the acoustic emission test under uniaxial compression was carried out for concrete with different curing regimes and mix ratios, and the damage evolution characteristics of concrete were explored by using acoustic emission signal parameters and Gaussian mixture model. The research shows that the compressive strength of steam-cured concrete is generally lower than that of standard-cured concrete. The addition of mineral admixtures can compensate for the strength loss caused by steam curing, and the compensation effect of adding fly ash and mineral powder is the best. The tension failure always dominates the whole compression process, while the shear failure proportion increases with the loading time. Among the acoustic emission parameters, the accumulative ringing count, the change range of b value and the proportion of shear failure forms are all negatively correlated with the compressive strength value, which can be used as important parameters to evaluate the compressive performance of concretes.