Taking the rural Fushanchang village around a drinking headwater reservoir in western Hubei montane as a research example, an investigation was carried out on the current situation of rural domestic sewage discharge and treatment in western Hubei montane through on-site investigation and water quality testing.The results show that rural wastewater in western Hubei montane is mainly treated by three methods, including centralized micro-powered station, small micro-powered facility for three-household combined discharge, and three-format fermenting tanks.After treatment, the sewage is discharged into surface ditches, weirs and ponds or infiltrated into the ground. The test results of the effluent water quality of the three wastewater treatment methods cannot meet the requirements of rural domestic wastewater discharge water quality, and it has a certain impact on the water quality of the adjacent water source reservoir.The micro-powered sewage treatment facilities have high operating costs, complex operation and maintenance procedures, negligent management and short effective operation time, making it difficult to achieve the appropriate sewage treatment effect.Therefore, the study of new rural domestic wastewater treatment methods based on the characteristics of rural terrain and domestic wastewater discharge in western Hubei montane is imperative to ensure the safety and quality of the rural water environment.