Durability enhancement of reinforced concrete structures can be considered from three aspects: protection, resistance, and rehabilitation. From the aspect of rehabilitation, this paper reviews the research of the traditional repair and electrochemical methods for rehabilitation of reinforced concrete structures. The principles and current research status of cathodic protection, realkalization of reinforced concrete, electrodeposition, electrochemical chloride extraction (ECE), and inhibitor electromigration anticorrosion technology are introduced, and their effects and factors are also discussed, with emphasis placed on bidirectional electromigration rehabilitation (BIEM), which combines the advantages of ECE and inhibitor electromigration anticorrosion technology, as well as its key technical problems. Moreover, based on the research on nanomaterials, the new method of using nanomaterials in BIEM is proposed.