In order to study the bearing characteristics of the interface between the anchor and rock in the anti-pullout process of a rock-socketed anchor, according to the failure mechanisms of the rock-socketed anchor in the rock foundation, the mechanical behavior of the interface between the anchor and surrounding rock was simulated using a two-segment linear function. The formulas of axial force, side resistance, and top vertical displacement of the rock-socketed anchor were derived based on the load transfer theory. The influence of the comprehensive influence coefficient η on the anti-pullout bearing characteristics of the rock-socketed anchor was analyzed, and the method for determining the value of η was provided. The axial force, side resistance, and P-S curve for an engineering example were analyzed using the presented calculation method. Results show that, when the uplift load is small, the side resistance of the rock-socketed anchor shows a hyperbolic distribution. When the uplift load is larger, the plastic zone appeares. The side resistance shows a uniform distribution in the plastic zone and a hyperbolic distribution in the elastic zone.