In order to study the special hydraulic transient characteristics of pressurized steel pipe burst in hydropower stations and their influence on operating units, the mathematical simulation model of pressurized steel pipe burst was built and the hydropower station with parallel surge chambers was set. Based on that, this paper analyzed the fluid transients of exposed pressurized pipe burst and investigated the hydraulic parameters in the hydromechanical system with different burst characteristic sections and different burst areas. The results showed that there is a strong connection between the transient characteristics of pressurized steel pipe burst in hydropower stations and the burst position and its area as well. Additionally, the severe changes of flow and pressure of the pipe burst branch may lead to some typical phenomenons including instantaneous loss of pressure at spiral case and water empty in the upstream surge chamber. Finally, it is also showed that the effect of pipe burst along one branch on the paralleled branch and the operating unit is alleviated when the butterfly valve of the branch and the parallel surge chambers are closed.