Abstract:In order to realize the water resources sustainable utilization and implement the most stringent water resources management policy, it is important to establish the evaluation system. The “Three Red Lines” of water resources management was selected as reference to establish the evaluation system for water resources management in Chongqing, China on the basis of the existing research. The control indexes of water resources exploitation and utilization, water consumption efficiency and assimilative capacity of water function zone were quantified and, additionally, the computing methods of each evaluation index and the comprehensive score were discussed. In 2012, the system was applied to the thirtyeight counties in Chongqing. The results show that the appliance of evaluation system can effectively check the comprehensive management level of water resources development, water saving and water quality of the counties in Chongqing. Thus, it can provide effective appraisal method to implement the most stringent water resources management policy.

Abstract:Quantitative analysis of the role of factors of the effective utilization coefficient of irrigation water has a significant practical guide sense for the increase of coefficients. Based on the analysis of observed data from 2005 to 2011 in sample irrigation districts of Guangdong Province, the factors were divided into dynamic and static. Among them, eight factors including terrain, channel characteristics, soil texture, engineering, supply and consumption, farming area, water conservancy project investment, and benefit were analyzed for quantifying their influences on effective utilization coefficient of irrigation water. The results showed that the dynamic factors represented by engineering, supply and consumption, farming area, and water conservancy project investment play a decisive role to the rapid increase of effective utilization coefficients of irrigation water and, especially the factors watersaving irrigation area and the completion of investment have the most impact.

Abstract:In order to solve the contradiction caused by the unreasonable allocation of initial emissions permits among different regions, the quantitative methods of harmony theory were introduced to the research, and the allocation methods of watershed initial emissions permits based on harmonious objectives optimization were put forward. On the basis of harmonious distribution principles, harmony evaluation index system of watershed emissions permits was built with the specific characterization indicators. And the method of analytic hierarchy process was applied to get the first allocation weight, then harmony equation for each index was established to assess the harmony condition of watershed initial emissions allocation combing with the weight. Finally, the optimization control model was established with the goal of the maximum of harmonious degree, and with Matlab fmincon function, authors realized the optimization allocation of initial emission permits. Also, authors took the Shaying River as an example, applied the above methods to the process of initial emission permits allocation, and got the optimization scheme from the perspective of regional harmony. Through comparison and analysis, it is concluded that the optimization scheme is more conform to the present emissions situation and pollutant carrying capacity in regional water function areas, which means the methods applied in the paper are more rational and scientific.

Abstract:To analyze the mutation and periodical variation of runoff and sediment load more effectively, the existing methods are summarized and then a detailed comparison is carried on. The experiment data used comes from the Datong Station and Yichang Station of Yangtze River. By comparing the principle, result and applicability of each method, it is concluded that the sequential cluster method is most suitable for mutation analysis with both simple calculation and accurate result, while the wavelet analysis method is highly developed and recommended for periodical variation analysis.

Abstract:In order to reveal the flow shape of scrap tires in energy dissipation and erosion control under sluice, the RNG k-ε turbulence model is applied to simulate the flow where the apron was roughened by scrap tires. The volume of fluid (VOF) method for water air two phase flow is introduced into the tracking of the free surface. The distributions of water, gas volume, velocity and pressure were obtained through simulation. Contrast analyzed, the result is in good agreement with experimental data and shows that the VOF method is feasible for the simulation of roughened flow.

Abstract:To study the local resistance adjacent influence of pressure pipes and its effect on the total local head loss, the relation between total local resistance coefficient and relative distance has been researched with model test method. The results showed: when the relative distance of orifice plate is equal or more than 9 (L_s／d≥9), the maximum relative error between the calculated and measured values of the total local head loss caused by orifice plate is less than 1.2％; when the relative distance of orifice plate is less than 9 (L_s／d＜9), the measured value is much less than the calculated value, and the maximum relative error is up to 197.6％; when the relative distance is large, it is not necessary to consider the influence of space among orifice plate; when the relative distance is small, orifice plate will influence each other with the relationship that the space more small, the influence more clear. So it is necessary to consider the local resistance adjacent influence when calculate the total local head loss and correct the calculated formula with adjacent influence coefficient.

Abstract:A method for slope system reliability analysis considering spatial variability of soil is developed to rationally evaluate the reliability of slope stability. The basic idea is that the slope domain is discretized into a series of “elements”, within each of which the soil property is fully correlated. The correlation coefficient among soil properties from different elements is obtained assuming autocorrelation function. Sets of random samples are generated by subset simulation, and harmony search algorithm is adopted to search the minimum factor of safety as the corresponding output. The method is applied to two examples to analyze the reliability and then compare it with existing results. Overall, the results show that the failure probability is lower than the case without considering the spatial variability and the potential failure modes are greater than that without taking into account the spatial variability.

Abstract:In order to solve the problem of construction joint simulation in numerical calculation of reinforced concrete structure, according to the existing research, a suitable model was chose based on the formation and stress features of construction joint. Related research of fiber model, the average of shear effect in peripheral region of construction joint, as well as normal and tangential mechanical properties were comprehensively considered in the model. By using the OpenSees software, numerical calculation of pseudo static tests on four columns with construction joint and two plane frames was performed and the modeling flow was proposed. The test results of maximum load and the law of force-displacement hysteretic curves and the calculated results showed: the construction joint model could simulate the shrinkage phenomenon due to shear slide along construction joint face and the far steel barslip. The test results are in close agreement with the calculated results, thus confirming the rationality and validity of the construction joint model.

Abstract:The calculation formula of normal water depth in the standard type horseshoe crosssection presents shortcomings such as complicated formula and cumbersome process. To overcome this, here we mathematically transform the fundamental equations of uniform flow in the standard type horseshoe crosssection tunnels. By determining the range of the formula according to the hydraulic tunnel design specification and engineering application, we obtained a simple and feasible calculation formula for normal water depth in the standard type horseshoe crosssection tunnels based on the principle of optimization. Results showed that the maximum relative error of normal water depth was 0.585％ in the utility range, and the relative error over 95％ of the whole range was less than 0.20％. The proposed formula satisfies the needs of engineering practice due to its high accuracy and simple form.

Abstract:To research the accumulated impact of thermal discharge from established and proposed power plants in Tieshan Bay, Delft three dimensional (Delft3D) hydrodynamic model was adopted to simulate the tidal current and temperature field. Based on sensitivity analysis of key spatial and temporal parameters, the computation time is twenty five tidal periods, the minimal mesh size is 40 meters, and the time step is 15 seconds. The numerical results showed: local current fields in the vicinity of new projects were changed due to the shoreline variation when proposed power plant is in operation; the 1 centigrade (1℃) isothermalincrement line overlapped with Beihai Power Plant; the impact area was increased by 21 square kilometers; the intake water temperature of Beihai Power Plant rose 0.4℃. Comparison between numerical model and physical model revealed that the simulation results have bigger differences in the near field, but as the thermal discharges move far away from water outlet the differences become smaller and the two models have almost the same impact area near 1℃ isothermalincrement line.

Abstract:A suitable type of penstock should be selected for highhead hydropower station with diversion penstock. In this sense, it is proposed the analytic method and finite element method to design exposed steel penstock and steel lined reinforced concrete penstock, referring to relevant specifications. Results show that thicker or highcarbon steel plates could be decreased for steel lined reinforced concrete penstock compared with exposed steel penstock, which can lower the costs and avoid difficulties in rolling and welding. Additionally, the expansion joints and supports are not required, as well as complex installation and maintenance technology. Besides, due to the particular case around the steel pipe, slope support and pipeline backfill can be an alternative. Thus, the penstock will not be greatly affected by landslides and other similar natural hazards.

Abstract:In order to study the special hydraulic transient characteristics of pressurized steel pipe burst in hydropower stations and their influence on operating units, the mathematical simulation model of pressurized steel pipe burst was built and the hydropower station with parallel surge chambers was set. Based on that, this paper analyzed the fluid transients of exposed pressurized pipe burst and investigated the hydraulic parameters in the hydromechanical system with different burst characteristic sections and different burst areas. The results showed that there is a strong connection between the transient characteristics of pressurized steel pipe burst in hydropower stations and the burst position and its area as well. Additionally, the severe changes of flow and pressure of the pipe burst branch may lead to some typical phenomenons including instantaneous loss of pressure at spiral case and water empty in the upstream surge chamber. Finally, it is also showed that the effect of pipe burst along one branch on the paralleled branch and the operating unit is alleviated when the butterfly valve of the branch and the parallel surge chambers are closed.

Abstract:To study the influence of bulb preposed or postposed on bulb turbine’s hydraulic performance, which is characterized with microhead, a bulb turbine with design head of approximately one meter has been simulated with threedimensional numerical simulation using CFD software. In addition, the optimal scheme has been tested by considering a physical model. The results show that the head loss of inlet conduit with preposed bulb is slightly larger than postposed bulb, while the head loss of outlet conduit with postposed bulb is much larger than preposed bulb which is due to the reflow in outlet conduit. The reflow can be improved by optimizing the outlet conduit, but cannot be completely eliminated. Bulb preposed or postposed has little influence on the flow in runner. The additional guide vanes in preposed bulb turbine improve the flow pattern on inlet side of runner blade, but cause much larger head loss. The preposed bulb turbine without guide vanes has a simpler structure, a higher efficiency, lower cost and stable operation, and is suitable to the development of micro head water resources. The errors do not exceed 3％ by comparing the efficiency of optimal scheme numerical simulation and model test results, which indicates the accuracy of numerical simulation.

Abstract:Large tonnage digging filling piles were used as structural foundation to ensure the integrity of four high-pier and long-span continuous rigid-frame aqueducts during the construction and the operating periods at the first stage of Qianzhong Hydro-junction project. Based on the similarity principle, the structure of large tonnage digging filling pile, referred to the pile construction experience of highway and building industry, and combined with its own loading features, was designed. At the same time, the integrity check and the vertical compressive bearing capacity test of engineering pile were accessed using crosshole sonic logging and core drilling method, and self-balanced method, respectively. The four pile foundations of continuous rigid frame aqueduct were completed in December 2012, and the pile quality tests showed that pile foundation structure was safe and reliable, which fully met the design requirements.

Abstract:According to the geological characteristics of hydraulic and hydropower engineering, and based on the geologic datasets such as satellite images, topographic contour maps, drilling and adit data, geological description, georeferenced data, geophysical test data, test data among others, a spatial integrated approach of geological information combining multi-source data is proposed. Through the space interpretation and analysis of geological structures including terrain, rock formations and geotectonic bodies, a series of two-dimensional geologic sections, consistent with all data, were obtained by using a semi-automatic plotting method. Then, all these data were automatically layered and integrated analyzed. A practical example showed that coupling analysis and automatic integration of geological data with multiple sources, different accuracy and resolution ensure that all valid data become available and reliable information.

Abstract:According to the geological characteristics of hydraulic and hydropower engineering, and based on the geologic datasets such as satellite images, topographic contour maps, drilling and adit data, geological description, georeferenced data, geophysical test data, test data among others, a spatial integrated approach of geological information combining multi-source data is proposed. Through the space interpretation and analysis of geological structures including terrain, rock formations and geotectonic bodies, a series of two-dimensional geologic sections, consistent with all data, were obtained by using a semi-automatic plotting method. Then, all these data were automatically layered and integrated analyzed. A practical example showed that coupling analysis and automatic integration of geological data with multiple sources, different accuracy and resolution ensure that all valid data become available and reliable information.

Abstract:In this paper, a review of recent research progress of rock fracture in underground cavern under high in-situ stress are presented. The mechanism of rock fracture, the stress and strain cracking criterions are thoroughly analyzed. The factors influencing the rock brittle fracture, the common methods of monitoring and control, such as micro-seismic monitoring, acoustic emission monitoring as well as the common numerical simulation softwares are summarized. In addition, the deficiencies of current research are pointed out, including the influence of blasting excavation, adjacent caverns excavation and the intermediate principal stress on the rock fracture. Finally, this paper proposed several major points and breakthrough directions for future research, such as the coupled analysis of the blast loading and the dynamic unloading of the stress, continuous and non-continuous coupled numerical simulation and the dynamic design of underground cavern.