Most view articles
2020, 40(1):1-9.
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2020.01.001
Abstract:
In order to reasonably synthesize the carrying capacity of regional water resources by the four elements of water quantity, water quality, water space and stream flow, a water resources carrying capacity evaluation model based on the four elements and a risk matrix(QQSS-RM)was proposed. Firstly, 48 preliminary evaluation indicators under the subsystem of quantity-quality-space-stream were constructed and the weight of each evaluation index in the four elements was calculated by expert consultation information method and genetic analytic hierarchy process. Through screening and analysis, 8 comprehensive evaluation indexes were obtained to construct the evaluation index system for the regional water resources carrying capacity. Secondly, 4 evaluation grade criteria of 8 comprehensive evaluation indexes were obtained by referring to relevant literature and expert opinions. Finally, an evaluation model of water resources carrying capacity based on QQSS-RM was constructed, which was applied to three third grade zones of water resources in the Xiliao River Basin. The results show that the water resources carrying capacity evaluation level of Xilamulun River and Laoha River, Wulijimulun River and the downstream of Xiliao River are overloaded, critical overloaded and overloaded respectively, showing a poor water resources carrying capacity of the Xiliao River Basin. The evaluation results are basically consistent with the current status of the Xiliao River Basin, indicating that the QQSS-RM model has better application value in regional water resources carrying capacity evaluation.
In order to reasonably synthesize the carrying capacity of regional water resources by the four elements of water quantity, water quality, water space and stream flow, a water resources carrying capacity evaluation model based on the four elements and a risk matrix(QQSS-RM)was proposed. Firstly, 48 preliminary evaluation indicators under the subsystem of quantity-quality-space-stream were constructed and the weight of each evaluation index in the four elements was calculated by expert consultation information method and genetic analytic hierarchy process. Through screening and analysis, 8 comprehensive evaluation indexes were obtained to construct the evaluation index system for the regional water resources carrying capacity. Secondly, 4 evaluation grade criteria of 8 comprehensive evaluation indexes were obtained by referring to relevant literature and expert opinions. Finally, an evaluation model of water resources carrying capacity based on QQSS-RM was constructed, which was applied to three third grade zones of water resources in the Xiliao River Basin. The results show that the water resources carrying capacity evaluation level of Xilamulun River and Laoha River, Wulijimulun River and the downstream of Xiliao River are overloaded, critical overloaded and overloaded respectively, showing a poor water resources carrying capacity of the Xiliao River Basin. The evaluation results are basically consistent with the current status of the Xiliao River Basin, indicating that the QQSS-RM model has better application value in regional water resources carrying capacity evaluation.
2020, 40(3):1-7.
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2020.03.001
Abstract:
Spring ecological water requirement for the fishes in the Yellow River Estuary should meet the needs of the habitat and spawning ground of freshwater fishes, channel of migratory fishes, and spawning ground of offshore migratory fishes. According to the living habit of fishes, the time of runoff propagation, the mixing time of fresh water and salt water, and the discharge feature since the operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir, key attention should be paid to the water requirement from March to May. A minimum ecological flow discharge of 240 m3/s is needed according to the living habit of fishes and the continuity of the migration channel. A flow discharge pulse with a peak of 890 m3/s, lasting for 8d in the middle stage of April is also needed considering the pulse characteristics in nature period. In this condition, the runoff in spring is 21. 6×108 m3, satisfying the requirement of 21×108 m3 for the low salt spawning condition of offshore migratory fishes. The mean annual spring runoff is 21×108 m3 since the operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir. It is of great feasibility to satisfy the fish ecological water requirement by optimizing the annual or the interannual operation modes.
Spring ecological water requirement for the fishes in the Yellow River Estuary should meet the needs of the habitat and spawning ground of freshwater fishes, channel of migratory fishes, and spawning ground of offshore migratory fishes. According to the living habit of fishes, the time of runoff propagation, the mixing time of fresh water and salt water, and the discharge feature since the operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir, key attention should be paid to the water requirement from March to May. A minimum ecological flow discharge of 240 m3/s is needed according to the living habit of fishes and the continuity of the migration channel. A flow discharge pulse with a peak of 890 m3/s, lasting for 8d in the middle stage of April is also needed considering the pulse characteristics in nature period. In this condition, the runoff in spring is 21. 6×108 m3, satisfying the requirement of 21×108 m3 for the low salt spawning condition of offshore migratory fishes. The mean annual spring runoff is 21×108 m3 since the operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir. It is of great feasibility to satisfy the fish ecological water requirement by optimizing the annual or the interannual operation modes.
2020, 40(2):1-5.
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2020.02.001
Abstract:
Problems exist in the construction and management of ecological irrigation districts, such as low efficiency in industry and resources, irrigation water deterioration and decreased ecological diversity. Based on the theoretical guidance of the rural revitalization strategy and its 20 words general requirements, construction and management of ecological irrigation districts under the guidance of the rural revitalization strategy were discussed. Three red lines for the construction and management of irrigation districts were proposed, including the baseline of agricultural quality and production, the baseline of ecological environment and the upper limit of resources development and utilization. The ecological irrigation districts should develop in the direction of effective supply of food production and other products, perfection in ecological environmental landscape, protection and high-efficiency utilization of resources. This paper provides scientific references of sustainable and green development for ecological irrigation districts.
Problems exist in the construction and management of ecological irrigation districts, such as low efficiency in industry and resources, irrigation water deterioration and decreased ecological diversity. Based on the theoretical guidance of the rural revitalization strategy and its 20 words general requirements, construction and management of ecological irrigation districts under the guidance of the rural revitalization strategy were discussed. Three red lines for the construction and management of irrigation districts were proposed, including the baseline of agricultural quality and production, the baseline of ecological environment and the upper limit of resources development and utilization. The ecological irrigation districts should develop in the direction of effective supply of food production and other products, perfection in ecological environmental landscape, protection and high-efficiency utilization of resources. This paper provides scientific references of sustainable and green development for ecological irrigation districts.
2016, 36(3):1-4.
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2016.03.001
Abstract:
The characteristics and advantages of the big data method are discussed in this paper. In the method, mathematical formulas are replaced by intensive data in order to precisely describe the temporal and spatial variation of hydrological phenomena or the solution of a differential equation. The reasons why hydrology needs big data and technical support for obtaining hydrological big data are also discussed. The big data method may inspire the innovation of scientific thinking and become a way of solving complex problems in hydrology.
The characteristics and advantages of the big data method are discussed in this paper. In the method, mathematical formulas are replaced by intensive data in order to precisely describe the temporal and spatial variation of hydrological phenomena or the solution of a differential equation. The reasons why hydrology needs big data and technical support for obtaining hydrological big data are also discussed. The big data method may inspire the innovation of scientific thinking and become a way of solving complex problems in hydrology.
2017, 37(3):72-76.
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2017.03.012
Abstract:
In order to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the whale optimization algorithm for reservoir optimal operation, four test functions were used in the whale optimization algorithm, and the simulated results were compared with those obtained from six algorithms, including the cuckoo search algorithm, differential evolution algorithm, shuffled frog leaping algorithm, particle swarm optimization algorithm, firefly algorithm, and SCE-UA algorithm. The whale optimization algorithm and the six comparison algorithms were used to solve the long-term optimal operation of a single reservoir and cascade reservoirs. The results show that the accuracy of the whale optimization algorithm is higher than that of the other six algorithms by eight or more orders of magnitude, and it has the fast convergence speed, high convergence precision, and excellent ability of optimization. The results of the whale optimization algorithm for the optimal operation of a single reservoir and cascade reservoirs are superior to those of the other six algorithms. The whale optimization algorithm is feasible and effective for reservoir optimal operation.
In order to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the whale optimization algorithm for reservoir optimal operation, four test functions were used in the whale optimization algorithm, and the simulated results were compared with those obtained from six algorithms, including the cuckoo search algorithm, differential evolution algorithm, shuffled frog leaping algorithm, particle swarm optimization algorithm, firefly algorithm, and SCE-UA algorithm. The whale optimization algorithm and the six comparison algorithms were used to solve the long-term optimal operation of a single reservoir and cascade reservoirs. The results show that the accuracy of the whale optimization algorithm is higher than that of the other six algorithms by eight or more orders of magnitude, and it has the fast convergence speed, high convergence precision, and excellent ability of optimization. The results of the whale optimization algorithm for the optimal operation of a single reservoir and cascade reservoirs are superior to those of the other six algorithms. The whale optimization algorithm is feasible and effective for reservoir optimal operation.
2017, 37(4):1-7.
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2017.04.001
Abstract:
The hydrological principle of the structure and parameters of watershed hydrological models, the physical coupling relationship between the structure and parameters, and the essential difference between lumped and distributed watershed hydrological models were investigated. The characteristics of the solution methods for these two models, and the reasons causing the phenomenon of equifinality for different parameters during the calibration of the watershed hydrological models, as well as methods to alleviate the effects of this phenomenon, are discussed. A method for verification and comparison of the watershed hydrological models is proposed.
The hydrological principle of the structure and parameters of watershed hydrological models, the physical coupling relationship between the structure and parameters, and the essential difference between lumped and distributed watershed hydrological models were investigated. The characteristics of the solution methods for these two models, and the reasons causing the phenomenon of equifinality for different parameters during the calibration of the watershed hydrological models, as well as methods to alleviate the effects of this phenomenon, are discussed. A method for verification and comparison of the watershed hydrological models is proposed.
2019, 39(1):1-6.
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2019.01.001
Abstract:
Since flood is formed by storm, flood forecasting is the continuity of precipitation prediction. In recent 30 years, numerical weather prediction has made great advance, but the attempt to apply watershed hydrological model in flood forecasting is slow. The reasons for the different accuracies between numerical weather prediction and flood forecasting are investigated. Successful experience of numerical weather prediction and the problems of watershed hydrological model in the application of flood forecasting are discussed by means of comparison of the weather model and the watershed hydrological model. Problems discussed are the prediction methods and the forecasting time, the initial fields and the boundary value fields, data assimilation and data fusion. It is expected that great inspirations to flood forecasting can be obtained from the successful experience of numerical weather prediction. In the near future, seamless connection can be realized between weather prediction and flood forecasting, and as a result, the accuracy of flood forecasting can thus be improved and the forecasting time can be extended.
Since flood is formed by storm, flood forecasting is the continuity of precipitation prediction. In recent 30 years, numerical weather prediction has made great advance, but the attempt to apply watershed hydrological model in flood forecasting is slow. The reasons for the different accuracies between numerical weather prediction and flood forecasting are investigated. Successful experience of numerical weather prediction and the problems of watershed hydrological model in the application of flood forecasting are discussed by means of comparison of the weather model and the watershed hydrological model. Problems discussed are the prediction methods and the forecasting time, the initial fields and the boundary value fields, data assimilation and data fusion. It is expected that great inspirations to flood forecasting can be obtained from the successful experience of numerical weather prediction. In the near future, seamless connection can be realized between weather prediction and flood forecasting, and as a result, the accuracy of flood forecasting can thus be improved and the forecasting time can be extended.
2015, 35(4):1-5.
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2015.04.001
Abstract:
Through the analysis of parameters and structure, it was found that the description of storm water management model(SWMM) on the process of rainfall-runoff formation in urban areas is consistent with urban runoff yield and concentration rule. The physical concept of SWMM is clear because the runoff yield analytical methods are based on hydrology, and concentration analytical methods are based on hydraulics. The parameters of SWMM almost have geometric or physical meanings, but there are some complementary(or dependency) relationships among some parameters. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the influence of the equifinality for different parameters on parameter calibration. The composition of the process of rainfall-runoff formation in catchment area exit using the method of simultaneous summation shows that the interference between stormflows from different areas is neglected.
Through the analysis of parameters and structure, it was found that the description of storm water management model(SWMM) on the process of rainfall-runoff formation in urban areas is consistent with urban runoff yield and concentration rule. The physical concept of SWMM is clear because the runoff yield analytical methods are based on hydrology, and concentration analytical methods are based on hydraulics. The parameters of SWMM almost have geometric or physical meanings, but there are some complementary(or dependency) relationships among some parameters. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the influence of the equifinality for different parameters on parameter calibration. The composition of the process of rainfall-runoff formation in catchment area exit using the method of simultaneous summation shows that the interference between stormflows from different areas is neglected.
2020, 40(4):1-7.
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2020.04.001
Abstract:
In this study, the hydrological trend of the Huangjiagang hydro-station downstream of Danjiangkou from 1965 to 2017 was evaluated by RVA method via dividing different influence periods. The results show that the impoundment of the Danjiangkou Dam can increase the discharge in dry seasons while decrease the discharge in flood and normal seasons in the downstream. The decrease of rainfall caused by climate change leads to the decrease of the monthly mean flow and the annual maximum discharge, but the occurrence of low flow pulse is increased. The backwater of the cascade dams increases the monthly mean flow and the annual minimum discharge with earlier occurrence. The Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project substantially reduces the monthly mean flow and the annual minimum discharge with an increase of both low and high flow pulse. The hydrological regime fluctuation in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River is induced by the different influencing periods, which affects the stability of aquatic ecosystems.
In this study, the hydrological trend of the Huangjiagang hydro-station downstream of Danjiangkou from 1965 to 2017 was evaluated by RVA method via dividing different influence periods. The results show that the impoundment of the Danjiangkou Dam can increase the discharge in dry seasons while decrease the discharge in flood and normal seasons in the downstream. The decrease of rainfall caused by climate change leads to the decrease of the monthly mean flow and the annual maximum discharge, but the occurrence of low flow pulse is increased. The backwater of the cascade dams increases the monthly mean flow and the annual minimum discharge with earlier occurrence. The Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project substantially reduces the monthly mean flow and the annual minimum discharge with an increase of both low and high flow pulse. The hydrological regime fluctuation in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River is induced by the different influencing periods, which affects the stability of aquatic ecosystems.
2016, 36(3):83-87.
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2016.03.017
Abstract:
Bragg resonance phenomena, occurring as waves propagating from the sea to shallow water under particular topographic conditions, were studied to provide a scientific basis for the design of estuarine and coastal protection engineering and the forecast of morphodynamic evolution. The definition and characteristics of wave Bragg resonance as well as the significance of research are introduced, and the pros and cons of four approaches for study of the phenomena are reviewed, including field observation, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and experimental investigation. Major achievements regarding the types of wave Bragg resonance, the formulas of the low-order resonance reflection coefficient, and high-order resonance numerical simulation are summarized. Three important topics for further intensive study are proposed, including the negative drift of dominant frequency, the characteristics of the irregular wave Bragg resonance, and the generation mechanism of Bragg resonance under wave-current interactions.
Bragg resonance phenomena, occurring as waves propagating from the sea to shallow water under particular topographic conditions, were studied to provide a scientific basis for the design of estuarine and coastal protection engineering and the forecast of morphodynamic evolution. The definition and characteristics of wave Bragg resonance as well as the significance of research are introduced, and the pros and cons of four approaches for study of the phenomena are reviewed, including field observation, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and experimental investigation. Major achievements regarding the types of wave Bragg resonance, the formulas of the low-order resonance reflection coefficient, and high-order resonance numerical simulation are summarized. Three important topics for further intensive study are proposed, including the negative drift of dominant frequency, the characteristics of the irregular wave Bragg resonance, and the generation mechanism of Bragg resonance under wave-current interactions.
2019, 39(4):7-12.
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2019.04.002
Abstract:
Two small adjacent typical karst peak cluster-depression watersheds(Chenqi and Changchong)were chosen as the research objects, and then 26 flood processes with different magnitudes of flow were selected. The characteristics of the lag time and similarity of the surface and subsurface runoff in Chenqi watershed were compared and analyzed with those in Changchong watershed. The results show that due to the soluble rock of the depression and the threshold effect of the impervious or weakly permeable transition at the Chenqi watershed, the characteristics of the lag time and similarity between the surface and underground runoff show obvious differences. The surface runoff fluctuates more rapidly but its peak time lags behind that of the underground runoff. The flood fluctuation shape of the watershed is controlled by the surface river and it has high similarity with the flood process of the surface river. The flood process in the Changchong watershed is similar to the surface river flood process, and as the rainfall decreases, the flood shape tends to change the characteristics of the underground river runoff. The distribution of impervious rocks in the watershed reduces the aquifer's ability to regulate storage. The flood lag time in the watershed is short and the runoff responds quickly to the rainfall.
Two small adjacent typical karst peak cluster-depression watersheds(Chenqi and Changchong)were chosen as the research objects, and then 26 flood processes with different magnitudes of flow were selected. The characteristics of the lag time and similarity of the surface and subsurface runoff in Chenqi watershed were compared and analyzed with those in Changchong watershed. The results show that due to the soluble rock of the depression and the threshold effect of the impervious or weakly permeable transition at the Chenqi watershed, the characteristics of the lag time and similarity between the surface and underground runoff show obvious differences. The surface runoff fluctuates more rapidly but its peak time lags behind that of the underground runoff. The flood fluctuation shape of the watershed is controlled by the surface river and it has high similarity with the flood process of the surface river. The flood process in the Changchong watershed is similar to the surface river flood process, and as the rainfall decreases, the flood shape tends to change the characteristics of the underground river runoff. The distribution of impervious rocks in the watershed reduces the aquifer's ability to regulate storage. The flood lag time in the watershed is short and the runoff responds quickly to the rainfall.
2017, 37(3):1-6.
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2017.03.001
Abstract:
The development process of research on the water resources carrying capacity in China is systematically summarized, and it can be divided into five stages: the creation of conception, the preliminary study, the gradual improvement, the difficult development, and the innovation era. On the basis of comparison of research methods, the calculation methods of water resources carrying capacity can be divided into three categories: the empirical formula method, comprehensive evaluation method, and system analysis method. The control objective inversion model(COIM)based on simulation and optimization and its applications are introduced. It is pointed out that research on the water resources carrying capacity in the future focuses on: using the empirical formula method to calculate the national water resources carrying capacity and system analysis method for detailed calculation; constructing the calculation model of water resources carrying capacity and forewarning system platform; studying the dynamic carrying capacity of water resources under the changing environment; and considering the current achievements of water resources regulation and the balance development of water resources and economic society.
The development process of research on the water resources carrying capacity in China is systematically summarized, and it can be divided into five stages: the creation of conception, the preliminary study, the gradual improvement, the difficult development, and the innovation era. On the basis of comparison of research methods, the calculation methods of water resources carrying capacity can be divided into three categories: the empirical formula method, comprehensive evaluation method, and system analysis method. The control objective inversion model(COIM)based on simulation and optimization and its applications are introduced. It is pointed out that research on the water resources carrying capacity in the future focuses on: using the empirical formula method to calculate the national water resources carrying capacity and system analysis method for detailed calculation; constructing the calculation model of water resources carrying capacity and forewarning system platform; studying the dynamic carrying capacity of water resources under the changing environment; and considering the current achievements of water resources regulation and the balance development of water resources and economic society.
2020, 40(1):17-24.
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2020.01.003
Abstract:
The geological disaster chain related to landslide dams has caused a lot of economic losses and casualties to China every year. Based on data statistics, the triggering factors and distribution rules of landslide dams in China in the past 10 years were analyzed. The results show that, there has been more than 100 recorded landslide dams in China. Earthquakes and heavy rainfalls are the main trigger factors, since they account for more than 90% of the total statistics. In terms of geographical distribution, Southwestern China is the heavy disaster-area of hazards related to landslide dams, and the landslide dam number accounts for more than 80% of the total statistics. The number of landslide dams in Sichuan Province is far more than that of other provinces, as it has suffered from the Wenchuan earthquake and the Lushan earthquake. Taiwan Province ranks the second, since there are 11 landslide dams recorded in the past 10 years due to the impact of typhoons yearly, accounting for 10. 2% of the total, followed by Yunnan, Chongqing and other provinces. In terms of temporal distribution, the number of landslide dams is basically fluctuating within the normal range except for the year 2008.
The geological disaster chain related to landslide dams has caused a lot of economic losses and casualties to China every year. Based on data statistics, the triggering factors and distribution rules of landslide dams in China in the past 10 years were analyzed. The results show that, there has been more than 100 recorded landslide dams in China. Earthquakes and heavy rainfalls are the main trigger factors, since they account for more than 90% of the total statistics. In terms of geographical distribution, Southwestern China is the heavy disaster-area of hazards related to landslide dams, and the landslide dam number accounts for more than 80% of the total statistics. The number of landslide dams in Sichuan Province is far more than that of other provinces, as it has suffered from the Wenchuan earthquake and the Lushan earthquake. Taiwan Province ranks the second, since there are 11 landslide dams recorded in the past 10 years due to the impact of typhoons yearly, accounting for 10. 2% of the total, followed by Yunnan, Chongqing and other provinces. In terms of temporal distribution, the number of landslide dams is basically fluctuating within the normal range except for the year 2008.
2019, 39(2):1-6.
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2019.02.001
Abstract:
To cope with the new challenges of environmental flow research under hydrology, climate and ecosystem changes, research results from both China and abroad have been summarized. Five aspects of shortcomings in the current environmental flow research are pointed out, which also belong to frontier problems and challenges, including(1)Global environmental change and instability; (2)Dynamic simulation of eco-hydrological process in which the transition of hydrological regime from static evaluation to dynamic characteristic evaluation is the key; (3)Characteristics of eco-hydrological relationship in which the coupling research of ecosystem state, process variables and species characteristics, and the research of ecological characteristics, spatial and temporal scales of environmental flows are the key points; (4)Key indicators in environmental flow evaluation; (5)Ecology extension of environmental flow forecasting. To solve these problems, research directions of environmental flows in the background of the Anthropocene are proposed. Dynamic adaptive management of ecological objectives and basic research of ecology from local to reginal areas should be strengthened. Mechanisms of eco-hydrological response based on process should be completed and phased implementation of non-hydrological indicator coupling should be intensified. Evaluation and application of environmental flows under adaptive management should be strengthened to guarantee ecological integrity.
To cope with the new challenges of environmental flow research under hydrology, climate and ecosystem changes, research results from both China and abroad have been summarized. Five aspects of shortcomings in the current environmental flow research are pointed out, which also belong to frontier problems and challenges, including(1)Global environmental change and instability; (2)Dynamic simulation of eco-hydrological process in which the transition of hydrological regime from static evaluation to dynamic characteristic evaluation is the key; (3)Characteristics of eco-hydrological relationship in which the coupling research of ecosystem state, process variables and species characteristics, and the research of ecological characteristics, spatial and temporal scales of environmental flows are the key points; (4)Key indicators in environmental flow evaluation; (5)Ecology extension of environmental flow forecasting. To solve these problems, research directions of environmental flows in the background of the Anthropocene are proposed. Dynamic adaptive management of ecological objectives and basic research of ecology from local to reginal areas should be strengthened. Mechanisms of eco-hydrological response based on process should be completed and phased implementation of non-hydrological indicator coupling should be intensified. Evaluation and application of environmental flows under adaptive management should be strengthened to guarantee ecological integrity.
2019, 39(1):7-14.
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2019.01.002
Abstract:
The goal of water governance is specified from five dimensions, including resources, economy, sociality, ecology and environment. The evaluation index system of the water governance in China is systematically designed. The current situation of water governance is comprehensively evaluated and the variation trend of China's water governance in 2020-2050 is forecasted using the hierarchical equal weight method and the target consistency method. The results show that the index of water governance has been increased quickly from below 0. 235 to near 0. 70 since the reform and opening-up. The acceleration period of water governance is from 2010 to 2015, in which the water governance index has increased about 50%. It is expected that the water governance index will exceed 0. 85 by 2020, and the harmonization between economic development and water resources utilization will be realized. The index of water governance will reach 0. 95 by 2030, and the harmonization between economic development and water pollution will be realized. The capacity of water safety support can be significantly improved and the water governance targets can be realized basically. The index of water governance will reach the optimum value of 1 by 2050, and the water resources utilization, water pollution discharge, water disaster loss and water ecology degradation area will be zero growth, fully achieving the harmony between human and water.
The goal of water governance is specified from five dimensions, including resources, economy, sociality, ecology and environment. The evaluation index system of the water governance in China is systematically designed. The current situation of water governance is comprehensively evaluated and the variation trend of China's water governance in 2020-2050 is forecasted using the hierarchical equal weight method and the target consistency method. The results show that the index of water governance has been increased quickly from below 0. 235 to near 0. 70 since the reform and opening-up. The acceleration period of water governance is from 2010 to 2015, in which the water governance index has increased about 50%. It is expected that the water governance index will exceed 0. 85 by 2020, and the harmonization between economic development and water resources utilization will be realized. The index of water governance will reach 0. 95 by 2030, and the harmonization between economic development and water pollution will be realized. The capacity of water safety support can be significantly improved and the water governance targets can be realized basically. The index of water governance will reach the optimum value of 1 by 2050, and the water resources utilization, water pollution discharge, water disaster loss and water ecology degradation area will be zero growth, fully achieving the harmony between human and water.
2019, 39(4):69-74.
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2019.04.011
Abstract:
With reviewing and summarizing the evolution of the reinforcement methods for massive concrete structures in Design Specification for Hydraulic Concrete Structures(SDJ 20-78), the regulations of the minimum reinforcement ratio of massive concrete in currently domestic and oversea codes of various industries are compared and analyzed, and the principles of relevant provisions are investigated. A new method to determine the minimum reinforcement ratio is presented and the recommendations on relevant provisions are made. The advantages of DL/T 5057-2009 and Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete(ACI 318-14)are combined skillfully in the suggested method, which guarantes that the amount of reinforcement is fixed when ρ<ρmin, ensures that the less reinforcement failure will not occur when γdM is less than and close to the cracking moment Mcr. In addition, the limit that the minimum reinforcement ratio for massive concrete structures in DL/T 5057-2009 is only applicable to the bottom plate mounted on foundation and mainly subjected to vertical load with more than 2. 5m thickness is eliminated.
With reviewing and summarizing the evolution of the reinforcement methods for massive concrete structures in Design Specification for Hydraulic Concrete Structures(SDJ 20-78), the regulations of the minimum reinforcement ratio of massive concrete in currently domestic and oversea codes of various industries are compared and analyzed, and the principles of relevant provisions are investigated. A new method to determine the minimum reinforcement ratio is presented and the recommendations on relevant provisions are made. The advantages of DL/T 5057-2009 and Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete(ACI 318-14)are combined skillfully in the suggested method, which guarantes that the amount of reinforcement is fixed when ρ<ρmin, ensures that the less reinforcement failure will not occur when γdM is less than and close to the cracking moment Mcr. In addition, the limit that the minimum reinforcement ratio for massive concrete structures in DL/T 5057-2009 is only applicable to the bottom plate mounted on foundation and mainly subjected to vertical load with more than 2. 5m thickness is eliminated.
2021, 41(3):11-19.
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2021.03.002
Abstract:
The application of hydrology-hydrodynamic-water environmental integrated models can provide the whole process simulation of regional water resources from the source to the water body, which is of great significance for the development and utilization of water resources and comprehensive decision-making management. In order to deeply understand the development and evolution of the basin coupling simulation system, the structure and characteristics of hydrological, hydrodynamic and water environmental models were summarized and the role of the models in the coupling system was discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of one-way coupling, two-way coupling and interface transmission coupling were summarized and reviewed, and the spatial and time scale matching problems in the coupling model was discussed. The problems such as loose structure, difficult parameter calibration and unclear application standard in the current coupling model were pointed out. Model coupling system can be an important measure to solve intelligent basin management and decision making in the future.
The application of hydrology-hydrodynamic-water environmental integrated models can provide the whole process simulation of regional water resources from the source to the water body, which is of great significance for the development and utilization of water resources and comprehensive decision-making management. In order to deeply understand the development and evolution of the basin coupling simulation system, the structure and characteristics of hydrological, hydrodynamic and water environmental models were summarized and the role of the models in the coupling system was discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of one-way coupling, two-way coupling and interface transmission coupling were summarized and reviewed, and the spatial and time scale matching problems in the coupling model was discussed. The problems such as loose structure, difficult parameter calibration and unclear application standard in the current coupling model were pointed out. Model coupling system can be an important measure to solve intelligent basin management and decision making in the future.
2015, 35(2):43-46.
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2015.02.009
Abstract:
The calculation formula of normal water depth in the standard type horseshoe crosssection presents shortcomings such as complicated formula and cumbersome process. To overcome this, here we mathematically transform the fundamental equations of uniform flow in the standard type horseshoe crosssection tunnels. By determining the range of the formula according to the hydraulic tunnel design specification and engineering application, we obtained a simple and feasible calculation formula for normal water depth in the standard type horseshoe crosssection tunnels based on the principle of optimization. Results showed that the maximum relative error of normal water depth was 0.585％ in the utility range, and the relative error over 95％ of the whole range was less than 0.20％. The proposed formula satisfies the needs of engineering practice due to its high accuracy and simple form.
The calculation formula of normal water depth in the standard type horseshoe crosssection presents shortcomings such as complicated formula and cumbersome process. To overcome this, here we mathematically transform the fundamental equations of uniform flow in the standard type horseshoe crosssection tunnels. By determining the range of the formula according to the hydraulic tunnel design specification and engineering application, we obtained a simple and feasible calculation formula for normal water depth in the standard type horseshoe crosssection tunnels based on the principle of optimization. Results showed that the maximum relative error of normal water depth was 0.585％ in the utility range, and the relative error over 95％ of the whole range was less than 0.20％. The proposed formula satisfies the needs of engineering practice due to its high accuracy and simple form.
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