长江中游防洪问题与对策
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TV87

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国家自然科学基金(51509137,51179088);水沙科学与水利水电工程清华大学国家重点实验室项目(2013-ky-01, 2015-ky-02)


Flood control problems in middle reaches of Yangtze River and countermeasures
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    摘要:

    三峡工程的首要任务是防洪,防洪的重点是保荆江安全。在此背景下分析长江中游当前防洪形势和三峡工程存在的问题,认为相对于长江中游洪水形势和防洪要求,三峡水库防洪库容远小于长江中游超额洪水,动态防洪库容小于设计静态防洪库容,有效防洪库容更小;长期河道演变使城陵矶等地同流量水位显著升高;中游蓄滞洪区建设规模严重偏小,而建设进度严重滞后,已有蓄滞洪区使用困难;当前大规模清水冲刷没有降低洪水位,反而荆江向洞庭湖分洪减小、河道泄洪能力进一步萎缩;三峡水库2008年按正常水位运行以来,连年拦中小洪水和超汛限水位运行,大量占据防洪库容和压低下泄洪水流量,使下游河道长期得不到洪水塑造,行洪能力和堤防得不到检验和考验。考虑到气候变化等不确定性影响,现在长江中游防洪形势仍然严峻。建议:切实维护三峡工程规划确定目标和防洪调度方式,严格控制汛限水位,积极采取优化调度增加水库防洪能力;尽快完成三峡工程规划要求的城陵矶附近蓄滞洪区建设,采取政策措施保证分洪与发展兼顾;改变和优化金沙江下游4大梯级水库汛期运行方式;加强三峡库区岸坡治理、提高水库防洪调度灵活性;采取积极措施维护长江中游江湖关系稳定。

    Abstract:

    The Three Gorges Project(TGP)’s primary task is flood control, with emphasis being placed on the safety of the Jingjiang River. With this background, we analyze the status of flood control in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the problems in the TGP. In terms of the status and requirements of flood control in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the flood control capacity of the Three Gorges Reservoir is far lower than the excess flood amount in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. The dynamic flood control capacity is lower than the designed static flood control capacity, and the valid flood control capacity is even lower. Long-term evolution of river channels has caused the water levels of Chenglingji and other areas to increase for a constant flow rate. The construction scale of the flood storage and detention area has been too small and has fallen behind schedule, resulting in difficulties in operation. In addition, water scouring has not decreased the flood water level, but has reduced the amount of flood diverted from the Jingjiang River into Dongting Lake and caused the flood discharge capability of the river channels to further degrade. Since the beginning of operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir in 2008, it has been operated for years at water levels of medium-and small-scale floods and above flood control levels, reaching the flood control capacity and reducing the flood flow downwards. As a result, the downstream river channels have not experienced floods for long periods, and their flood discharge capabilities and dikes have not been tested. Due to uncertain factors such as climate change, the middle reaches of the Yangtze River are still facing serious flood control problems. We propose suggestions as follows: pursuing the planning goals of the TGP and adopting flood regulation modes; strictly controlling the flood control level; optimizing the regulation and increasing the reservoir’s flood control capability; completing the construction of the flood storage and detention area near Chenglingji as quickly as possible, as required in the TGP; taking measures with consideration of both flood diversion and local development; optimizing the operation modes of four cascade reservoirs in the lower reaches of the Jinsha River in flood seasons; strengthening the governance of banks and slopes in the reservoir area; improving the reservoir’s flexibility in flood control and regulation; and maintaining a stable relationship between rivers and lakes in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.

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引用本文

张曼,周建军,黄国鲜.长江中游防洪问题与对策[J].水资源保护,2016,32(4):1-10.(ZHANG Man, ZHOU Jianjun, HUANG Guoxian. Flood control problems in middle reaches of Yangtze River and countermeasures[J]. Water Resources Protection,2016,32(4):1-10.(in Chinese))

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  • 收稿日期:2016-06-03
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  • 在线发布日期: 2016-07-13
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