The Silk Road Economic Belt strategy will bring new opportunities for economic and social development in many provinces and districts along the route. In this study, an indicator system of coordination between water resources and economic and social development was built considering four aspects. The coefficient of variation method was used to determine the evaluation index weight objectively. The degree of coordination between water resources and economic and social development in Xinjiang during the period from 2005 to 2013was analyzed quantitatively based on the distance coordination model. The results show that the water resources and indicators of the socio-economic system of Xinjiang were in an uptrend. The growth rate of the socio-economic system was higher than that of the water resources during the study period. According to the degree of coordination, the coordinated development was divided into two periods: the first period from 2005 to 2011, during which the degree of coordination between water resources and economic and social development showed an upward trend, and the second period from 2011 to 2013, during which the degree of coordination between water resources and economic and social development showed a descending trend. However, the overall coordination degree remained at the middle level. Proposals and countermeasures for coordinating water resources and economic and social development in Xinjiang during the construction of the Silk Road Economic Belt are put forward.