Based on daily precipitation data from 25 meteorological stations during the period from 1961 to 2014, the temporal and spatial variations of floods and droughts affected by the El Niñ o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)and related impacts on agricultural production in Anhui Province in the recent 54 years were analyzed using the linear trend method, the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index(SPEI), the Mann-Kendall trend test method, and the Pearson correlation analysis method. The results are as follows: (1)ENSO-induced floods and droughts of middle or above levels accounted for 83% and 68% of the total floods and droughts of such levels, respectively, and the droughts were closely related to La Nina events in a same year and El Niñ o events in the subsequent years, while the floods were closely related to El Niñ o events. (2)Higher variability was found in the SPEI in the spring and autumn than in the summer and winter, indicating higher flood and drought risks during the spring and autumn. Generally, a drought tendency was identified in the spring, and flood risk in the winter was relatively higher and a drought tendency was then identified. The tendency changes were more significant in the southern Anhui Province than in the northern Anhui Province. (3)Relations between SPEI and SSTA shifted during the warm and cold phases of ENSO. The warm phase of ENSO had larger impacts on SPEI in the southern Anhui Province, with the largest correlation coefficient being 0. 32, which was above the 99% confidence level. The cold phase of ENSO had more significant impacts on SPEI variations in the northern Anhui Province, with the largest correlation coefficient being 0. 28, which was above the 99% confidence level. The coefficient of correlation between SPEI and SSTA increased with the increasing lag time. The coefficient of correlation between SPEI and SSTA for the southern Anhui Province was larger than that for the northern Anhui Province. SSTA had a great influence on the floods and droughts in the southern Anhui Province in the following three months. (4)Serious reduction of rice and wheat over the recent 20 years in the southern and northern Anhui Province mainly occurred in the ENSO year or in the year prior to the ENSO events. The reduction amount of wheat was larger in the northern Anhui Province and the Jianghuai region with less occurrence frequencies compared to that in the southern Anhui Province. The impact of ENSO on agricultural production was related to the distributions of floods and droughts. The suitable irrigation conditions in the Jianghuai region might reduce the risk of flood and drought disasters in ENSO years.