In order to explore the feasibility of recycling river dredged mud (river mud) and sea dredged mud (sea mud) to bioretention fillers, we prepared two kinds of ceramsite with river mud and sea mud, respectively. Bioretention experiment columns were built using the two kinds of ceramsite as fillers. The efficiency of the two columns under different rainfall return periods, rainfall durations and pollutant mass concentrations were studied by simulation experiments of runoff rainwater infiltration. The results showed that the leaching amount of COD, TP, TN and NH₃-N in bioretention columns were low when river mud and sea mud ceramsite were used as fillers, which means that there was little risk of pollutant leaching. When the return period of rainfall was 0.5 a, the outflow duration of bioretention columns with river mud and sea mud ceramsite fillers were 49min and 48min, and the average water reduction rates were 34.36% and 44.87%, respectively, which are 34.75% and 75.96% higher than traditional bioretention columns with sandy soil filler. Bioretention columns with river mud and sea mud ceramsite fillers show significant effect on pollutants reduction, with average load reduction rates of COD, TP, TN, NH₃-N being 50.27%, 99.08%, 50.72%,79.15% and 54.20%, 99.58%, 55.43%, 80.86%, respectively, which were better than traditional bioretention columns with sandy soil filler.