In order to deeply study the quantitative relationship between topographic factors and river system structure in the Dabie Mountains in western Anhui Province of the Huaihe River Basin, based on ArcGIS, the topographic factors and characteristic parameters of river system structure in the study area were calculated and extracted. The relationship between topographic factors and river system structure characteristic parameters was analyzed using multiple linear regression method, and five quantitative prediction models were obtained for fineness ratio, river maintenance constant, fractal dimension, average length ratio, and watershed roundness. And the spatial distribution of river system patterns and topographic features was studied using global spatial autocorrelation and spatial cold and hot spot analysis. The results show that there is a general spatial correlation between the topographic factors and the river system structure in the study area, with a maximum correlation coefficient r of 0.84. The significance level P-values of the five quantitative prediction models are all less than 0.05, and the variance inflation factor is all less than 10, indicating a high degree of goodness of fit for the models. It is found that there are significant spatial differentiation characteristics of “cold in the north and hot in the south”and “hot in the north and cold in the south” in the characteristic parameters of river system structure and topographic factors of the study area. Keywords: topographic factor; river system structure characteristic parameter; multiple linear regression; global spatial autocorrelation; cold and hot spot analysis; Huaihe River Basin 〖FL