Taking the Yangtze River, Yellow River, and Huai River basins as research objects, based on the standardized droughtwetness abrupt alternation index, this study explores the characteristics and driving factors of droughtflood abrupt alternation in typical arid and humid areas using methods such as trend analysis, change point test, wavelet analysis, and random forest. The results indicate that the humid/semihumid areas are the highfrequency occurrence areas of extreme droughtflood abrupt alternation events, and the arid areas are the highfrequency occurrence areas of extreme drought to flood events. The mutation in arid areas occurred in 1998, while the mutation in humid areas occurred in 1978. In the future, arid areas are more prone to drought to flood events, while humid areas are the opposite. The contribution of meteorological factors to the rapid transition of drought and flood is greater in humid areas, and the impact of atmospheric circulation on arid areas is prominent. There is a nonlinear relationship between the rapid transition of drought and flood and different driving factors.