Based on the characteristics of urban waterlogging before, during, and after its occurrence, the resilience theory was introduced into urban waterlogging management, and waterlogging resilience system in Zhengzhou City was constructed. An assessment model was established using variable fuzzy sets, contribution degree, and obstacle degree to analyze the changes in the waterlogging resilience of Zhengzhou City and the main influencing factors. The results showed that from 2001 to 2020, the waterlogging resilience level of Zhengzhou City was relatively high in the initial stage. However, as the “urban disease” gradually became prominent, the resilience level decreased from 3.2 in 2001 to 2.9 in 2020, reaching a moderate resilience level that can be restored to its original state through self-regulation. The early stage of waterlogging resilience in the system layer played an important role in the urban waterlogging resilience system, with an average contribution of 41%. The urban drainage network was the most critical limiting factor in the development of waterlogging resilience, with an average obstacle degree of 16%. The limiting factors including public transportation service capacity were also an indispensable part of improving the resilience level of urban waterlogging, and the sum of its obstacles was 15% higher than the key limiting factors. The level of urban waterlogging resilience of Zhengzhou City is average, and it is necessary to strengthen the urban drainage network and other aspects to enhance the resilience of waterlogging.