This paper summarizes the processes of research in the sustainable development theory and watershed sustainable development, and clarifies the relationship between watershed sustainable development and watershed system science. The research on sustainable development theory can be divided into four periods:the embryonic period(before 1972), the molding period (19721987), the rapid development period (19872000), and the indepth development period (2001present). It summarizes the key events that led to the gradual maturation and global consensus on the concept of sustainable development. Based on the China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Web of Science Core Collection Databases, the research hotspots and major teams in sustainable development within watersheds are analyzed. This analysis encompasses three periods: the preliminary exploration period (before 2000), the stable development period (20002018), and the rapid development period (2019present). The key events and representative viewpoints from different periods are summarized. It is pointed out that watershed system science and sustainable development support each other. The key to the sustainable operation of a watershed lies in the synergistic performance of its multidimensional functions in flood and sediment transport, ecological environment, and socioeconomy.