Under the combined influence of climate change and human activities, the Poyang Lake Basin has recently exhibited new hydrological patterns, including prolonged dry seasons, reduced hydrological connectivity, and more frequent flood and drought events. These changes have significantly altered the regional ecosystem structure. This study focuses on analyzing the impacts of flood and drought disasters on the Poyang Lake ecosystem, as well as their causes and adaptive strategies. The results show that the increased frequency of extreme precipitation events under climate change, coupled with altered river-lake interactions and human activities such as land reclamation, has disrupted the natural hydrological rhythms of the basin. These disruptions have led to profound changes in vegetation structure, migratory bird distribution, and the diversity of fish and benthic organisms. In response, several adaptive strategies are proposed:developing an intelligent basin-wide monitoring and early warning system to enable dynamic disaster risk perception; creating a large-scale basin model and dynamic regulation models for aquatic ecosystems to ensure ecological water level thresholds during critical periods; restoring animal and plant habitats through water level gradient management and vegetation community optimization; and innovating river-lake joint regulation mechanisms to improve water resource allocation efficiency.