Based on an integrated framework of “water yield supplydemandland cover optimization development scenario simulation”, a multiobjective optimization model was developed to couple socioeconomic development with ecological protection needs. Land cover changes and water yield supplydemand variations in Northeast China under four scenarios of 2030, including natural development (S1), economic priority (S2), ecological priority (S3), and economicecological balance (S4), were evaluated. The results show that in 2030, there will be significant changes in land cover types in Northeast China. The expansion of construction land is most significant in scenario S2, while forest land increases significantly and grassland decreases in scenario S3. Grassland distribution is wider in scenarios S1 and S4. Overall, the water yield supply increases and is sensitive to scenario changes. Under scenario S1, some areas in the Northeast Plain face severe water resource pressure. Scenario S2 shows the most significant supply increase, but demand rises simultaneously, exacerbating supplydemand conflicts. Under scenario S3, although structural risks exist, water yield supply remains stable with relatively balanced supply and demand. Scenario S4 effectively alleviates supplydemand pressure by balancing ecological and economic goals and achieving the best coordination. In 2030, highdemand areas in Northeast China are concentrated in population and industrydense regions, with little change in spatial patterns.