This article focuses on the impact and driving mechanism of water network engineering on groundwater systems, systematically analyzing deep mechanisms of its influence on reshaping regional water cycle processes, transforming development and utilization modes, and dependent ecosystems. The water network construction integrates originally dispersed water systems into interconnected complex network systems, driving the expansion of groundwater management from a single aquifer to watershed, regional, and even cross basin scales, and the expansion of management objectives from a single guarantee of water supply to a multidimensional collaborative security goal that comprehensively guarantees the economic utilization benefits of water resources, ecological security, and geological environment stability. This article constructs a key technical system for sustainable development of groundwater under the drive of water network construction, including high-precision exploration technology, collaborative scheduling of mining and control technology, joint allocation technology of surface water-groundwater, and multi-scale dynamic monitoring and early warning technology. Systematic protection paths for groundwater resources has been proposed in response to environmental risks, including pollution source channel target area prevention and control, ecological geological security coordination guarantee, and protection of aquifer structural integrity.