Taking Chaiwopu Lake, a terminal lake in an arid region, as the research object, an integrated monitoring system was implemented covering lake water, inflowing surface runoff, groundwater, soil, and sediment. Ordinary Kriging interpolation and spatial autocorrelation analysis were combined to identify pollutant hotspots. Based on the distance attenuation effect of pollutants, attenuation function relationships were established separately between water environmental quality indicators and two distance variables:radial distance from the lake shore and path distance from pollution sources. The pollutant halfattenuation distance were further calculated. The results show that water salinization is the dominant characteristic of Chaiwopu Lake, with localized organic overload and eutrophication. The highest chloride ion concentrations occur in deeper water areas and the centralwestern lake zone. The overstandard rates of total nitrogen and total phosphorus at sampling sites reach 73% and 55%, respectively. Chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand exceed the standard at most sampling sites, mainly concentrated in the lakeside zone and lake center. Heavy metal contents exhibit obvious spatial heterogeneity among sites.Along the radial gradient, attenuation rates differ significantly among pollutants:salinity attenuates the slowest, nutrients at a moderate rate, and microorganisms the fastest, with corresponding average groundwater halfattenuation distances of approximately 10.34、5.56、3.31km. Total phosphorus in sediment attenuates rapidly within 0-3km offshore, with an average halfattenuation distance of about 5.6km, whereas heavy metals show slow attenuation.Different pollution sources exert distinct impacts on the lake environment. Industrial sources are the dominant contributors to salinity and certain heavy metal pollution, with a typical influence radius of 8-10km. Agricultural and domestic sources are the main drivers of nutrient, organic, and microbial pollution, with short to mediumrange influence radii of 2-6km and 3-5km, respectively.A spatially optimized governance pattern is proposed, consisting of three concentric zones(0＜3, 3＜6, 610km) plus priority corridor zones and equivalent outward displacement. Pollutant halfattenuation distances are translated into thresholds for equivalent relocation of projects and load reduction, forming a performanceoriented, benchmarked, and assessable closedloop management framework for zonal access and calibrated regulation based on regional needs.