Based on the systematic analysis of the characteristics of agricultural water consumption and agricultural economic development level under different hydrological conditions in Chongqing, a quantitative evaluation and comprehensive analysis were made on the decoupling degree, time series evolution and spatial distribution law between agricultural water consumption and agricultural economic development in Chongqing and its 38 counties. The results show that the spatial and temporal distribution of total water resources in Chongqing is uneven and does not match with the development of agricultural economy. The agricultural water consumption in Chongqing is affected by the changes of hydrological conditions. The agricultural water consumption cannot be guaranteed, and agricultural production value is also reduced in especially dry years. The agricultural water consumption and the agricultural output value of Chongqing have been in the state of decoupling, and the degree of decoupling varies with the change of hydrological characteristics. The decoupling state is very unstable from the normal year to the dry year, when the total amount of water resources decreases, most of the agricultural water consumption and agricultural output value are in an unsatisfactory decoupling state. From the dry year to the normal year, the decoupling state of agricultural water consumption and agricultural output value changes from the ideal weak one to the ideal strong one. From 2014 to 2016, the relationship between agricultural water consumption and agricultural output value was improved in about 72. 9% of the counties(districts)of Chongqing with the change of water resources from normal to dry to normal.