Based on the data of land use change and water resources in four zonal of the Amu Darya River basin in Central Asia from 1990 to 2015, and by using the cultivated land change rate, Lorentz curve, Gini coefficient method and land and water resource matching coefficient, we comprehensively analyzed the cultivated land change and water and land resource matching status in the Amu Darya River Basin. The results showed that, from 1990 to 2015, the cultivated land in the Amu Darya Basin expanded at the speed of 146.74 km²/a, with different expansion rates in different periods and regions; Regardless of the continuous reduction of the Aral Sea water and the continuous deterioration of the ecology, the matching status of the oasis area is relatively fair and relatively reasonable; There is an obvious dislocation phenomenon in the spatial distribution of water and soil resources in the Amu Darya River Basin; The ecological water in the whole basin is severely squeezed by agricultural water, and the irrigation area and water consumption of the Amu Darya River Basin become the important factors affecting the change of aral sea water volume and area, which was an unsustainable way of using water.