In order to study the influence of environmental factors on phosphorus pollution in the Yellow River, the surface sediments of Gansu-Ningxia-Inner Mongolia section in the upper reaches of the Yellow River were collected for laboratory experiments to simulate the influence of environmental factors on phosphorus adsorption and desorption process in the surface sediments. The results show that the process of phosphorus adsorption is spontaneous endothermic reaction, and the increase of temperature is conducive to the adsorption of phosphorus and the desorption of phosphorus. The adsorption capacity increases with the increase of oscillation frequency, and there is an oscillation frequency threshold which can significantly increase the phosphorus adsorption capacity of surface sediments. When the volume of overlying water is constant, the phosphorus adsorption capacity decreases with the increase of sediment mass. After the removal of organic matter, the phosphorus adsorption capacity of surface sediments increases. When the content of organic matter is high, the adsorption process of phosphorus is obviously promoted, and when the content of organic matter is low, the desorption process of phosphorus is promoted. When the concentration of KCl ion in overlying water is less than 0. 02 mol/L, the higher the concentration of KCl ion, the greater the phosphorus adsorption capacity of surface sediments. When the concentration of KCl ion in overlying water is greater than 0. 02 mol/L, the higher the concentration of KCl ion is, the greater the phosphorus desorption capacity of surface sediments is.