Taking five cities along the Jiangsu section of the east route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project as the study area, the evolution of water consumption structure and its driving factors in the study area were analyzed by using the principle of information entropy and grey correlation theory. The results showed that among the five cities in the study area from 2001 to 2016, Yangzhou and Suqian changed the most in the equilibrium degree of water consumption, and the water consumption structure tended to be balanced. Crop planting structure, the proportion of industrial added value and the proportion of the tertiary industry were the main driving forces affecting the change of water consumption structure in the study area. Improving crop planting structure and optimizing industrial structure are effective control measures to realize the efficient utilization of agricultural water resources and the diversification and balance of urban water consumption structure.