To investigate the social motivation of rural education transformation under the dual driving of rural revitalization and new-type urbanization, this paper reveals the structural reasons of unbalanced allocation of school resources in county areas such as the coexistence of hollow rural school buildings and large classes in urban schools. Establishing a multiefficient resource allocation mechanism with government leading and social participation is also an important issue in rural education. This paper takes F County in Anhui Province as an example to investigate the practical logic of the balanced allocation of resources between county schools. In the process of new urbanization, population flow makes rural primary and secondary schools face the dilemma of “student source squeeze”. In order to deal with the problems such as the decrease of student number and the general decline of students’ quality, the policy system aimed at guaranteeing the nearby highquality education for students made a positive response, and adjusted the layout of rural primary and secondary schools through the appropriate and orderly “withdrawal of schools”. At the same time, the social participation system represented by “children's palace to the countryside” and student boarding system is also an important part of constructing the system and mechanism of balanced allocation of resources between schools in the county. Therefore, under the strategy of rural revitalization, the balanced allocation of interschool resources in the county area presents the practical logic of “multidimensional mutual construction”.