At present, the main objectives and tasks of ecological poverty alleviation in China have been basically completed, which has played a positive role in solving the poverty problem in ecologically fragile areas. However, in the existing process of ecological poverty alleviation, some areas still face difficulties in accuracy and systematicness of ecological poverty alleviation policies, difficulties in consolidating the achievements of ecological poverty alleviation policies, and lack of ability improvement of poor groups in ecologically vulnerable areas.These have become the challenges of ecological poverty management in the “postpoverty alleviation era”. And they may lead to the “involution” risk of ecological poverty alleviation such as returning to poverty, ecosystem destruction and path dependence, and cause harm to the improvement of governance capacity and the sense of gain of lower poverty groups.Therefore, it is necessary to identify these risks accurately, and optimize the ecological poverty governance in the “postpoverty alleviation era” by applying the policy tools of security, incentive and cultivation, so as to eliminate the risk of “involution”.