Under the new pattern of China’s “Dual Circulation” development, Chinese companies’ participation in the “The Belt and Road” cooperation should not only align with the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, but also create a new “Dual Circulation” hub for globalization. At the same time, facing the escalation of the trade war between China and the United States and the new situation in the PostPandemic era, the enterprises under the “The Belt and Road” initiative have to adapt to the new development pattern and change their development concept, adopt a new concept of internationalization, enhance Niche, optimize the international and domestic supply chain ecosystem, and ensure the safety, stability, controllability and sustainable development of supply chain. The key to the sustainable development of “The Belt and Road” under the new pattern of “Dual Circulation” development is to innovate the “Dual Circulation” supply chain system and establish a hub mechanism of both international and domestic circulation. Proceeding from the vision of a community with a shared future for mankind and innovating a model of institutionalized “symbiosis” development, the research on enterprise niche optimization algorithm is a method to analyze the effectiveness of cooperative ecosystem of “Dual Circulation” supply chain. In view of the “Isolated Island” problem and shortage existing in the supply chain cooperation of “The Belt and Road” enterprises, this paper optimized the overlap degree and width of enterprise niche. Through algorithm optimization and verification, it innovates a new model of international “Dual Circulation” supply chain cooperation so as to adapt to new international and domestic situations. And it proposes a “Dual Circulation” ecosystem of “The Belt and Road” supply chain to align with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, give play to the role of the international and domestic major recycling industries as a hub node, and enhance “The Belt and Road” industry niche and enterprise niche in China, so as to promote the new development of the cooperative ecosystem of “The Belt and Road” industry “Dual Circulation” supply chain, and form a new development pattern of “The Belt and Road”.