As the modernization of rural governance is closely related to the modernization of national governance, it is necessary and feasible to enable the modernization of rural governance with big data based on factors such as the change of times, the difficulty of practice and the support of conditions. Combined with the analysis of representative practice cases from different places, it is believed that the modernization of rural governance enabled by big data is mainly reflected in the dimensions of decision-making basis, power operation, governance framework and governance effectiveness. By improving the forward-looking, refined, systematic and intelligent levels of rural governance, we can create a model of rural source governance, accurate governance, open governance and integrated governance. At present, certain hindering factors still exist, such as thought transformation, information infrastructure construction, elimination of data barriers and information security, which can be managed and optimized from the change of thinking and the talent team construction, information infrastructure perfection, multiple subject collaboration, safety risk alleviation, external resource implants and the integration of endogenous power, so as to promote the realization of the vision of modernization of rural governance.